The Effects Of Anorexia Nervosa ( Birmingham Et Al

Introduction Even if anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe mental illness potentially resulting to serious ongoing psychiatric and physical health issues, there are not many clinical trial studies for treating AN published worldwidely focused on psychotherapeutic interventions (Birmingham et al., 2005; Herzog et al., 2000; Le Grange and Lock, 2005; Rome et al., 2003). According to Ale Grange and Lock (2005), of the interventions investigated for AN only the family therapy based approach developed by Dare and Eisler at the Maudsley Hospital, has been studied more than once in a clinical trial setting. Investigations completed at the end of treatment from the available studies of this approach suggest that it is effective in the short term,†¦show more content†¦After discharge it was decided by the medical team in the hospital that Olga has to receive family treatment and she got a referral for it. Assesment The family of Olga had to meet for an initial assessment before the beginning of treatment. The initial assesment lasted for about 2-hours for clarifying Olga’s diagnosis and to asses if it could be any other possible comorbid mental health issue and ifs Olga is mentally ready for family treatment based on the Maudsley model. Olga got a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, binge- eating/purging type without other concurrent psychiatric illness based on DSM-V (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Parallel with the family based treatment, Olga’s physical health was uninterruptedly examined by her outpatient pediatrician specialist. Signs and symptoms supporting Olga’s DSM-V diagnosis contain (a) her denial to keep body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for her age and height (85% of her IBW); (b) her constant fear of putting weight and ending up being overweight, albeit she is recently very underweight and malnourished; (c) her biased body image; and (d) the lack of more than three successive menstrual cycles. Olga’s lowest weight was 125 pounds, which is 74% of her ideal body weight.Olga she didn’t get her menstrual cycles for seven times in a row and was binge eating and purging up to eight times per day. As it is common with people having AN her

Disasters are Common Wonder in the Human Civilization

A disaster has become a common wonder in the human civilization. It has been experienced by many even before time was recorded. Though it may appear in different forms, it has been proven to be a great challenge for society cross all statuses, creeds, communities, countries and continents. One of the lasts findings have suggested that the disasters have definitely increased in frequency and intensity. People have become more and more vulnerable to disasters of all types, which would include floods, mudslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, plane crashes, hurricanes, shootings, forest fires, etc. Even with the advancement and progress of technological devices, the force of disasters has definitely changed. When these events arise, they exceed all preparedness and willingness of society and pose greater challenges than expected. The heat wave in Europe, where in France nearly over 35,000lives were claimed, In 2005-6, America had to face disasters in forms of hurricanes (Katrina, Ivan, and etc., )and tornados. Haiti in 2010, an earthquake claimed over 316, 000 lives and left over 300,000 injured and homeless. And most recently, Typhoon Haiyan struck the Philippines, killing 6,000 people and leaving 1,800 people missing. These events caused great causalities. All these events are sufficient examples to prove that disasters are not circumstances to be over looked. Whether it is a natural disaster or manmade disaster the effects and consequences are just as tremendous as the other.Show MoreRelatedEssay on HISTORY1490 Words   |  6 PagesShort Answer 1. Explain the role of river valleys in the development of civilizations. Name at least two river valleys as examples. (10 points) Rivier valleys first and foremost provided water, a basic necessity for humans. 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Chronology of Events in Pakistan from Historical Perspective Free Essays

Pakistan-Table A – Chronology of Important Events Pakistan Index Period Description ANCIENT EMPIRES ca. 2500-1600 B. C. We will write a custom essay sample on Chronology of Events in Pakistan from Historical Perspective or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indus Valley culture ca. 1500-500 B. C. Migrations of Indo-Aryan- speaking tribes; the Vedic Age. ca. 563-483 B. C. Life of Siddartha Gautama–the Buddha; founding of Buddhism. ca. 321-180 B. C. Mauryan Empire; reign of Ashoka (r. ca. 274-236 B. C. ); spread of Buddhism. ca. 180 B. C. -A. D. 150 Saka dynasties in Indus Valley. ca. A. D. 78-ca. 200 Kushan Empire; Gandharan art flourishes. ca. A. D. 319-ca. 600 Gupta Empire; classical age in northern India. COMING OF ISLAM 711 Muhammad bin Qasim, an Arab general, conquers Sindh and incorporates it into Umayyad Caliphate. 1001-1030 Mahmud of Ghazni raids Indian subcontinent from Afghanistan. 1192 Muhammad of Ghor defeats Rajputs. 1206-1526 Delhi Sultanate. 1398 Timur destroys Delhi. THE MUGHAL PERIOD 1526 Babur defeats last Lodhi sultan in first Battle of Panipat, thus laying foundation of Mughal Empire. 1556 Akbar victorious in second Battle of Panipat. 1556-1605 Reign of Akbar. 1605-27 Reign of Jahangir; in 1612 East India Company opens first trading post (factory). 1628-58 Reign of Shah Jahan, builder of Taj Mahal. 1658-1707 Reign of Aurangzeb, last great Mughal ruler. 1707-1858 Lesser emperors; decline of Mughal Empire. BRITISH PERIOD 1757 Battle of Plassey and British victory over Mughal forces in Bengal; conventional date for beginning of British rule in India. 799-1839 Sikh kingdom established in Punjab under Maharaja Ranjit Singh. 1830s Institution of British education and other reform measures. 1838-42 First Anglo-Afghan War. 1843 British annex Sindh, Hyderabad, and Khairpur. 1845-49 Sikh Wars; British annex Punjab; Kashmir sold to Dogra Dynasty, to be ruled under British paramountcy. 1857-58 Uprising, variously known as Indian Mutiny, Sepoy Rebellion, and by Indian nationalists as First War of Independence. 858 East India Company dissolved; rule of India under British crown (the British Raj) begins; marks formal end of Mughal Empire. 1878-80 Second Anglo-Afghan War. 1885 Indian National Congress formed. 1893 Durand Line established as boundary between Afghanistan and British India. 1905 Partition of Bengal. 1906 All-India Muslim League founded. 1909 Morley-Minto Reforms establish separate electorates for Muslims. 911 Partition of Bengal annulled. 1916 Congress-Muslim League Pact (often referred to as Lucknow Pact) signed. 1919 Montague-Chelmsford Reforms; Third Anglo-Afghan War. 1935 Government of India Act of 1935. 1940 Muslim League adopts â€Å"Pakistan Resolution† demanding separate nation for Muslims of India. â€Å"Two Nations Theory† articulated by Muslim League leader Mohammad Ali Jinnah and others. 1946 August Muslim League observes â€Å"Direct Action Day. Widespread communal rioting spreads to many parts of India. 1947 June Legislation introduced in British Parliament calling for independence and partition of India; communal rioting and mass movements of po pulation begin, resulting in next months in 250,000 deaths and up to 24 million refugees. INDEPENDENT PAKISTAN 1947 August Partition of British India; India achieves independence and incorporates West Bengal and Assam; Pakistan is created and incorporates East Bengal (East Wing, or East Pakistan) and territory in the northwest (West Wing, or West Pakistan); Jinnah becomes governor general of Pakistan; Liaquat Ali Khan becomes prime minister. October Start of first Indo-Pakistani War over sovereignty of Kashmir. 1948 September Jinnah dies; Khwaja Nazimuddin becomes governor general. 1949 January United Nations-arranged cease- fire between Pakistan and India takes effect. 1951 October Liaquat assassinated; Nazimuddin becomes prime minister; Ghulam Mohammad becomes governor general. 1955 August Ghulam Mohammad resigns; succeeded by Iskander Mirza. October One Unit Plan establishes the four provinces of West Pakistan as one administrative unit. 1956 March Constitution adopted; Mirza becomes president. 1958 October Mirza abrogates constitution and declares martial law; Mirza sent into exile; Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA) General Mohammad Ayub Khan assumes presidency. 1965 August Start of second Indo-Pakistani War over Kashmir. 1969 March Martial law declared; Ayub Khan resigns; CMLA General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan ssumes presidency. 1970 July One Unit Plan abolished; four provinces reestablished in West Pakistan. December First general elections; Awami League under Mujib secures absolute majority in new National Assembly; West Pakistan-dominated government declines to convene assembly. 1971 March East Pakistan attempts to secede, beginning civil war; Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Mujib), imprisoned in West Pakistan, declared provisional president. April Formal declaration of independence of Bangladesh issued; Mujib named pres ident. December Pakistan launches preemptive air strikes against India; India invades East Pakistan; India recognizes Bangladesh; Pakistani military forces in East Pakistan surrender to Indian armed forces, marking Bangladeshi independence; Yahya Khan resigns; Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto becomes CMLA and president. 1972 July Bhutto and India’s prime minister, Indira Gandhi, conclude Simla Agreement, adjusting 1949 cease-fire line between Pakistan and India and creating new line of control. 1973 August New constitution goes into effect; Bhutto becomes prime inister. 1976 February Pakistan and Bangladesh establish diplomatic relations. 1977 March General elections; massive victory by Bhutto’s party evokes widespread rioting and protest. July Army chief of staff, General Mohammad Zia ul-Haq, appoints himself CMLA and proclaims martial law. 1978 September Mohammad Zia ul-Haq becomes nation’s sixth president, replacing Fazal Elahi Chaudhry. 1979 February Islamic penal code introduce d. April Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto hanged. November Mob storms and burns down United States Embassy in Islamabad, killing two Americans and two Pakistani employees; United States cultural centers in Rawalpindi and Lahore also torched; attacks in response to Iranian-inspired rumors that United States citizens responsible for November 20 attack on Grand Mosque in Mecca. December Large-scale movements of Soviet troops and military equipment into Afghanistan. 1980 January United States president Jimmy Carter pledges military assistance to help Pakistan defend itself against Soviet hreat; Carter offers US$400 million, rejected by Zia as â€Å"peanuts. † 1983 August President Zia ul-Haq announces that martial law will be lifted in 1985 but warns that army will retain key role in future governments. 1985 January Non-Islamic banking abolished. February General elections held for National Assembly. March Mohammad Khan Junejo invited by Zia to form civilian cabinet. July Economy declared to be in conformity with Islam. 1986 Augu st Movement for the Restoration f Democracy (MRD) launches campaign against government, demanding new general elections; Benazir Bhutto arrested in Karachi. December New federal cabinet sworn into office by President Zia with Mohammad Khan Junejo continuing as prime minister. May Prime Minister Junejo expands federal government to include five new ministers and three new ministers of state; President Zia dismisses Junejo government, dissolves national and provincial assemblies, and orders new elections to be held within ninety days. August Zia, the United States mbassador to Pakistan, and top army officials killed in mysterious airplane crash near Bahawalpur in Punjab; Ghulam Ishaq Khan, chairman of Senate, sworn in as acting president; General Mirza Aslam Beg becomes chief of the army staff. October Salman Rushdie’s novel, The Satanic Verses, banned in Pakistan; joint United States- Pakistani investigatory committee concludes that Zia’s death was caused by â€Å"crim inal act of sabotage. † November Elections held for National Assembly; Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) wins ninety-three out of 207 seats contested. December Benazir Bhutto sworn in as first female prime minister of a Muslim nation; PPP and MQM parties sign â€Å"Karachi Declaration,† an accord to restore peace in Sindh; Pakistan and India sign accords at South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit in Islamabad, including agreement not to attack each other’s nuclear facilities. June Combined Opposition Parties (COP), consisting of most opposition groups, formed in National Assembly, with Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi as leader. February Soviet Union completes withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan. September Pakistan’s largest ever military exercise, Zarb- e – Momin (Sword of the Faithful), commences. October Pakistan rejoins Commonwealth of Nations. December Ethnic riots in Sindh claim scores of lives. 1990 May-June Ethnic troubles mount in Sindh; rift develops between PPP and coalition partners. August President Ghulam Ishaq Khan di smisses Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, her cabinet, and National Assembly; orders new elections for October 24, 1990; Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi becomes caretaker prime inister. October United States president George Bush is unable to deliver annual certification that Pakistan does not possess nuclear weapons as condition of continued assistance and arms and technology transfers, leading to cutoff of most aid. National elections held; Bhutto’s PPP loses to coalition of rightist parties. November Mian Nawaz Sharif elected prime minister. 1991 February Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif liberalizes economy, lifts controls on foreign currency entering country, and announces policies to encourage new investment; numerous pro-Iraq emonstrations and widespread public opposition to Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s support of Desert Storm but pro-United Nations stance reiterated. May Shariat Bill is adopted by National Assembly. July Opposition members call upon president to dismiss government because of deteriorating law and order situation, particularly in Sindh. 1992 December Babri Mosque in Ayodya, India, destroyed by Hindu fundamentalists seeking to build Hindu temple on contested site; communal violence mounts over incident; Pakistan asks Indian government to protect Muslims in India. 993 April President Ishaq Khan dismisses government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, citing corruption. July President Ishaq Khan and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif resign under pressure from military; World Bank officer, Moeen Qureshi, named caretaker prime minister pending elections in October. October Benazir Bhutto’s PPP wins s lim margin in national elections and builds coalition government; Benazir appointed prime minister. November PPP stalwart, Farooq Leghari, defeats acting President Wassim Sajjad and becomes president. Data as of April 1994 How to cite Chronology of Events in Pakistan from Historical Perspective, Essay examples

Dietatic Association of Vegetarian Diets †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Dicuss about the Dietatic Association of Vegetarian Diets. Answer: Introduction: Diet and nutrition are key to sustenance of healthy body growth and good health status. The role played by diet in our bodies is paramount towards attaining optimal health. Choosing what to eat is solely the individual right, but however choosing to eat healthy is of concern and is important to anyone who Management values good health, (Knight Leitsberger, 2016). The type of food eaten forms the basis of your rights, decisions and perceived food type linked to your preference which contribute significantly on the differences between the vegetarians and the meat eaters. Amongst the vegetarians, there are several sub groups whom consume animal based products sparsely. This case study will analyse factors affecting the choice and consumption of these foods and compare the vegetarian and meat consumption. For an in-depth into the comparative analysis, we will focus of these factors. Nutrition and healthy living has formed the basis of vegetarian and meat based diets in the current society. The proponents of meat diets have attributed various advantages with regard to intake of meat. Outlined advantages arguably proposed are the presence of vitamin B12, which is only found in animal based foods and play a vital role in body health, while vegetarians diets, the source of vitamin B12 is prescribed through diet supplements as no plants have these vital compound for the body, (Hamad, 2013). The rich protein content of high biological value and micronutrients have led to advancement of meat based diets and risk of over consumption is high which have other harmful effects like gout diseases and weight management factors, (Knight Leitsberger, 2016). Comparing it to vegetarian diets, Nutritionist in the health practice have argued that protein quantity in vegan based diet are of standard levels compared to meat based diets as increased consumption patterns of meat leads to development of osteoporosis and gout disease. It is argued that the vegan based diet if carefully planned can provide the required nutrients for the body and wider variety of plant based foods is healthy and beneficial to our body unlike the meat based diets which have limitations and border lines which need careful consideration in meal planning so as not to be crossed. Religion has played an active role in dietary intakes of food. Worldwide food has been considered a major factor in various religion of the world. Vegetarian based diet has been characterised by consumption of plant based food while meat based diets have majored on the consumption of meat products. Pro vegetarian based supporters have argued on the sanctity of life for the animals which they claim should be respected. Unlike the meat based proponents, they considered meat as a delicacy and fulfilment of their body. The reasoning behind meat consumption has been based on the moral intuition of food, that it is acceptable as much their religion dont restrict. Recently questions have been raised on the ethics of eating meat, current arguments suggest that meat is not necessary for human health, (ADA, 2009) and the slaughter of animals has been argued as unjustifiable act, (Hamad, 2013). Generally vegetarianism and meat based dietary patterns have become the common theme in world religio ns, it has been used as an expression of faith, and however others object to it while on the other side of the coin meat based groups view on basis of religious reasoning as they use animal products on their daily lives though means such as wearing of clothes from animal products, use drugs based on animals and the fact that some vegetarian based diet include consumption of fish yet biologically it is animal class, conflicts itself, (Knight Leitsberger, 2016). The debate on the environmental Management factors on vegetarian based diet and meat based diet has taken centre stage for quite a long time with no definite standards set. The notion of vegetarian diet being better for the environment has formed the conventional wisdom on the proponents of this diet. It has suggested that diets rich in plant based foods such as vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts and seeds have less impact on the environment. The issue has been contentious in the world of science however the meat based consumers and analysts have counteracted these claims by stating that diet high in fruits and vegetables had greater environmental impacts through increase in the energy levels by more than 38 %. The debate in health cycle is taking shape with no standard measure being reached. Both scientists and consumers of both diets have gained a common ground that meat consumption have few environmental impacts in terms of land utility and the rearing of animals which have impacts on pollution on the environment due to gas pollutants, (Online, 2017). Vegetarian based diets production have an effect on the levels of gas emission on the atmosphere through the production, preservation and marketing of food however when compared to animal based foods, like fish, beef and lamb foods research has shown to have greater impacts on the environment though green house gas emissions. Current research has shown that red meat and processed food have presence of carcinogens at several anatomical sites and the source of thee carcinogenic has probably linked to environment, (Cross et al., 2007), unlike the vegan diet rich of plant based food which have been found to anti carcinogenic properties that ward off carcinogens and promote good health, (Wang et al., 2012). From the analysis above it is evident that there exist difference in diet patterns of food among the vegetarians and meat eating group. There are several factors which informs the choice and adoption of an individual food type and preference. Significant factors such as health impacts, environmental and religion play a role; there are numerous comparative and contrasting views with regards to these two categories of diets. Thus, there is need for mutual understanding on the differing views based on food types so as to create harmony despite these varying opinions. References American Dietetic Association (2009). "Position Paper of the American Dietatic Association: Vegetarian Diets" (PDF). Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 109 (7): 12661282. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027. PMID19562864. Cross, A. J., Leitzmann, M. F., Gail, M. H., Hollenbeck, A. R., Schatzkin, A., Sinha, R. (2007). A prospective study of red and processed meat intake in relation to cancer risk. PLoS Med, 4(12), e325. Harnad, Stevan (2013) Luxe, ncessit, souffrance: Pourquoi je ne suis pas carnivore. Qubec humaniste 8(1): 10-13 Knight, A., Leitsberger, M. (2016). Vegetarian versus Meat-Based Diets for Companion Animals. Animals, 6(9), 57. Online access; Vegetarian and Healthy Diets Could Be More Harmful to the Management Environment. Accesed on 09/05/2017 .https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2015/.../diet-and-environment.html Wang, H., Oo Khor, T., Shu, L., Su, Z. Y., Fuentes, F., Lee, J. H., Tony Kong, A. N. (2012). Plants vs. cancer: a review on natural phyto chemicals in preventing and treating cancers and their drug ability. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents), 12(10), 1281-1305.