Chronology of Events in Pakistan from Historical Perspective Free Essays

Pakistan-Table A – Chronology of Important Events Pakistan Index Period Description ANCIENT EMPIRES ca. 2500-1600 B. C. We will write a custom essay sample on Chronology of Events in Pakistan from Historical Perspective or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indus Valley culture ca. 1500-500 B. C. Migrations of Indo-Aryan- speaking tribes; the Vedic Age. ca. 563-483 B. C. Life of Siddartha Gautama–the Buddha; founding of Buddhism. ca. 321-180 B. C. Mauryan Empire; reign of Ashoka (r. ca. 274-236 B. C. ); spread of Buddhism. ca. 180 B. C. -A. D. 150 Saka dynasties in Indus Valley. ca. A. D. 78-ca. 200 Kushan Empire; Gandharan art flourishes. ca. A. D. 319-ca. 600 Gupta Empire; classical age in northern India. COMING OF ISLAM 711 Muhammad bin Qasim, an Arab general, conquers Sindh and incorporates it into Umayyad Caliphate. 1001-1030 Mahmud of Ghazni raids Indian subcontinent from Afghanistan. 1192 Muhammad of Ghor defeats Rajputs. 1206-1526 Delhi Sultanate. 1398 Timur destroys Delhi. THE MUGHAL PERIOD 1526 Babur defeats last Lodhi sultan in first Battle of Panipat, thus laying foundation of Mughal Empire. 1556 Akbar victorious in second Battle of Panipat. 1556-1605 Reign of Akbar. 1605-27 Reign of Jahangir; in 1612 East India Company opens first trading post (factory). 1628-58 Reign of Shah Jahan, builder of Taj Mahal. 1658-1707 Reign of Aurangzeb, last great Mughal ruler. 1707-1858 Lesser emperors; decline of Mughal Empire. BRITISH PERIOD 1757 Battle of Plassey and British victory over Mughal forces in Bengal; conventional date for beginning of British rule in India. 799-1839 Sikh kingdom established in Punjab under Maharaja Ranjit Singh. 1830s Institution of British education and other reform measures. 1838-42 First Anglo-Afghan War. 1843 British annex Sindh, Hyderabad, and Khairpur. 1845-49 Sikh Wars; British annex Punjab; Kashmir sold to Dogra Dynasty, to be ruled under British paramountcy. 1857-58 Uprising, variously known as Indian Mutiny, Sepoy Rebellion, and by Indian nationalists as First War of Independence. 858 East India Company dissolved; rule of India under British crown (the British Raj) begins; marks formal end of Mughal Empire. 1878-80 Second Anglo-Afghan War. 1885 Indian National Congress formed. 1893 Durand Line established as boundary between Afghanistan and British India. 1905 Partition of Bengal. 1906 All-India Muslim League founded. 1909 Morley-Minto Reforms establish separate electorates for Muslims. 911 Partition of Bengal annulled. 1916 Congress-Muslim League Pact (often referred to as Lucknow Pact) signed. 1919 Montague-Chelmsford Reforms; Third Anglo-Afghan War. 1935 Government of India Act of 1935. 1940 Muslim League adopts â€Å"Pakistan Resolution† demanding separate nation for Muslims of India. â€Å"Two Nations Theory† articulated by Muslim League leader Mohammad Ali Jinnah and others. 1946 August Muslim League observes â€Å"Direct Action Day. Widespread communal rioting spreads to many parts of India. 1947 June Legislation introduced in British Parliament calling for independence and partition of India; communal rioting and mass movements of po pulation begin, resulting in next months in 250,000 deaths and up to 24 million refugees. INDEPENDENT PAKISTAN 1947 August Partition of British India; India achieves independence and incorporates West Bengal and Assam; Pakistan is created and incorporates East Bengal (East Wing, or East Pakistan) and territory in the northwest (West Wing, or West Pakistan); Jinnah becomes governor general of Pakistan; Liaquat Ali Khan becomes prime minister. October Start of first Indo-Pakistani War over sovereignty of Kashmir. 1948 September Jinnah dies; Khwaja Nazimuddin becomes governor general. 1949 January United Nations-arranged cease- fire between Pakistan and India takes effect. 1951 October Liaquat assassinated; Nazimuddin becomes prime minister; Ghulam Mohammad becomes governor general. 1955 August Ghulam Mohammad resigns; succeeded by Iskander Mirza. October One Unit Plan establishes the four provinces of West Pakistan as one administrative unit. 1956 March Constitution adopted; Mirza becomes president. 1958 October Mirza abrogates constitution and declares martial law; Mirza sent into exile; Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA) General Mohammad Ayub Khan assumes presidency. 1965 August Start of second Indo-Pakistani War over Kashmir. 1969 March Martial law declared; Ayub Khan resigns; CMLA General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan ssumes presidency. 1970 July One Unit Plan abolished; four provinces reestablished in West Pakistan. December First general elections; Awami League under Mujib secures absolute majority in new National Assembly; West Pakistan-dominated government declines to convene assembly. 1971 March East Pakistan attempts to secede, beginning civil war; Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Mujib), imprisoned in West Pakistan, declared provisional president. April Formal declaration of independence of Bangladesh issued; Mujib named pres ident. December Pakistan launches preemptive air strikes against India; India invades East Pakistan; India recognizes Bangladesh; Pakistani military forces in East Pakistan surrender to Indian armed forces, marking Bangladeshi independence; Yahya Khan resigns; Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto becomes CMLA and president. 1972 July Bhutto and India’s prime minister, Indira Gandhi, conclude Simla Agreement, adjusting 1949 cease-fire line between Pakistan and India and creating new line of control. 1973 August New constitution goes into effect; Bhutto becomes prime inister. 1976 February Pakistan and Bangladesh establish diplomatic relations. 1977 March General elections; massive victory by Bhutto’s party evokes widespread rioting and protest. July Army chief of staff, General Mohammad Zia ul-Haq, appoints himself CMLA and proclaims martial law. 1978 September Mohammad Zia ul-Haq becomes nation’s sixth president, replacing Fazal Elahi Chaudhry. 1979 February Islamic penal code introduce d. April Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto hanged. November Mob storms and burns down United States Embassy in Islamabad, killing two Americans and two Pakistani employees; United States cultural centers in Rawalpindi and Lahore also torched; attacks in response to Iranian-inspired rumors that United States citizens responsible for November 20 attack on Grand Mosque in Mecca. December Large-scale movements of Soviet troops and military equipment into Afghanistan. 1980 January United States president Jimmy Carter pledges military assistance to help Pakistan defend itself against Soviet hreat; Carter offers US$400 million, rejected by Zia as â€Å"peanuts. † 1983 August President Zia ul-Haq announces that martial law will be lifted in 1985 but warns that army will retain key role in future governments. 1985 January Non-Islamic banking abolished. February General elections held for National Assembly. March Mohammad Khan Junejo invited by Zia to form civilian cabinet. July Economy declared to be in conformity with Islam. 1986 Augu st Movement for the Restoration f Democracy (MRD) launches campaign against government, demanding new general elections; Benazir Bhutto arrested in Karachi. December New federal cabinet sworn into office by President Zia with Mohammad Khan Junejo continuing as prime minister. May Prime Minister Junejo expands federal government to include five new ministers and three new ministers of state; President Zia dismisses Junejo government, dissolves national and provincial assemblies, and orders new elections to be held within ninety days. August Zia, the United States mbassador to Pakistan, and top army officials killed in mysterious airplane crash near Bahawalpur in Punjab; Ghulam Ishaq Khan, chairman of Senate, sworn in as acting president; General Mirza Aslam Beg becomes chief of the army staff. October Salman Rushdie’s novel, The Satanic Verses, banned in Pakistan; joint United States- Pakistani investigatory committee concludes that Zia’s death was caused by â€Å"crim inal act of sabotage. † November Elections held for National Assembly; Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) wins ninety-three out of 207 seats contested. December Benazir Bhutto sworn in as first female prime minister of a Muslim nation; PPP and MQM parties sign â€Å"Karachi Declaration,† an accord to restore peace in Sindh; Pakistan and India sign accords at South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit in Islamabad, including agreement not to attack each other’s nuclear facilities. June Combined Opposition Parties (COP), consisting of most opposition groups, formed in National Assembly, with Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi as leader. February Soviet Union completes withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan. September Pakistan’s largest ever military exercise, Zarb- e – Momin (Sword of the Faithful), commences. October Pakistan rejoins Commonwealth of Nations. December Ethnic riots in Sindh claim scores of lives. 1990 May-June Ethnic troubles mount in Sindh; rift develops between PPP and coalition partners. August President Ghulam Ishaq Khan di smisses Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, her cabinet, and National Assembly; orders new elections for October 24, 1990; Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi becomes caretaker prime inister. October United States president George Bush is unable to deliver annual certification that Pakistan does not possess nuclear weapons as condition of continued assistance and arms and technology transfers, leading to cutoff of most aid. National elections held; Bhutto’s PPP loses to coalition of rightist parties. November Mian Nawaz Sharif elected prime minister. 1991 February Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif liberalizes economy, lifts controls on foreign currency entering country, and announces policies to encourage new investment; numerous pro-Iraq emonstrations and widespread public opposition to Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s support of Desert Storm but pro-United Nations stance reiterated. May Shariat Bill is adopted by National Assembly. July Opposition members call upon president to dismiss government because of deteriorating law and order situation, particularly in Sindh. 1992 December Babri Mosque in Ayodya, India, destroyed by Hindu fundamentalists seeking to build Hindu temple on contested site; communal violence mounts over incident; Pakistan asks Indian government to protect Muslims in India. 993 April President Ishaq Khan dismisses government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, citing corruption. July President Ishaq Khan and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif resign under pressure from military; World Bank officer, Moeen Qureshi, named caretaker prime minister pending elections in October. October Benazir Bhutto’s PPP wins s lim margin in national elections and builds coalition government; Benazir appointed prime minister. November PPP stalwart, Farooq Leghari, defeats acting President Wassim Sajjad and becomes president. Data as of April 1994 How to cite Chronology of Events in Pakistan from Historical Perspective, Essay examples

Dietatic Association of Vegetarian Diets †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Dicuss about the Dietatic Association of Vegetarian Diets. Answer: Introduction: Diet and nutrition are key to sustenance of healthy body growth and good health status. The role played by diet in our bodies is paramount towards attaining optimal health. Choosing what to eat is solely the individual right, but however choosing to eat healthy is of concern and is important to anyone who Management values good health, (Knight Leitsberger, 2016). The type of food eaten forms the basis of your rights, decisions and perceived food type linked to your preference which contribute significantly on the differences between the vegetarians and the meat eaters. Amongst the vegetarians, there are several sub groups whom consume animal based products sparsely. This case study will analyse factors affecting the choice and consumption of these foods and compare the vegetarian and meat consumption. For an in-depth into the comparative analysis, we will focus of these factors. Nutrition and healthy living has formed the basis of vegetarian and meat based diets in the current society. The proponents of meat diets have attributed various advantages with regard to intake of meat. Outlined advantages arguably proposed are the presence of vitamin B12, which is only found in animal based foods and play a vital role in body health, while vegetarians diets, the source of vitamin B12 is prescribed through diet supplements as no plants have these vital compound for the body, (Hamad, 2013). The rich protein content of high biological value and micronutrients have led to advancement of meat based diets and risk of over consumption is high which have other harmful effects like gout diseases and weight management factors, (Knight Leitsberger, 2016). Comparing it to vegetarian diets, Nutritionist in the health practice have argued that protein quantity in vegan based diet are of standard levels compared to meat based diets as increased consumption patterns of meat leads to development of osteoporosis and gout disease. It is argued that the vegan based diet if carefully planned can provide the required nutrients for the body and wider variety of plant based foods is healthy and beneficial to our body unlike the meat based diets which have limitations and border lines which need careful consideration in meal planning so as not to be crossed. Religion has played an active role in dietary intakes of food. Worldwide food has been considered a major factor in various religion of the world. Vegetarian based diet has been characterised by consumption of plant based food while meat based diets have majored on the consumption of meat products. Pro vegetarian based supporters have argued on the sanctity of life for the animals which they claim should be respected. Unlike the meat based proponents, they considered meat as a delicacy and fulfilment of their body. The reasoning behind meat consumption has been based on the moral intuition of food, that it is acceptable as much their religion dont restrict. Recently questions have been raised on the ethics of eating meat, current arguments suggest that meat is not necessary for human health, (ADA, 2009) and the slaughter of animals has been argued as unjustifiable act, (Hamad, 2013). Generally vegetarianism and meat based dietary patterns have become the common theme in world religio ns, it has been used as an expression of faith, and however others object to it while on the other side of the coin meat based groups view on basis of religious reasoning as they use animal products on their daily lives though means such as wearing of clothes from animal products, use drugs based on animals and the fact that some vegetarian based diet include consumption of fish yet biologically it is animal class, conflicts itself, (Knight Leitsberger, 2016). The debate on the environmental Management factors on vegetarian based diet and meat based diet has taken centre stage for quite a long time with no definite standards set. The notion of vegetarian diet being better for the environment has formed the conventional wisdom on the proponents of this diet. It has suggested that diets rich in plant based foods such as vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts and seeds have less impact on the environment. The issue has been contentious in the world of science however the meat based consumers and analysts have counteracted these claims by stating that diet high in fruits and vegetables had greater environmental impacts through increase in the energy levels by more than 38 %. The debate in health cycle is taking shape with no standard measure being reached. Both scientists and consumers of both diets have gained a common ground that meat consumption have few environmental impacts in terms of land utility and the rearing of animals which have impacts on pollution on the environment due to gas pollutants, (Online, 2017). Vegetarian based diets production have an effect on the levels of gas emission on the atmosphere through the production, preservation and marketing of food however when compared to animal based foods, like fish, beef and lamb foods research has shown to have greater impacts on the environment though green house gas emissions. Current research has shown that red meat and processed food have presence of carcinogens at several anatomical sites and the source of thee carcinogenic has probably linked to environment, (Cross et al., 2007), unlike the vegan diet rich of plant based food which have been found to anti carcinogenic properties that ward off carcinogens and promote good health, (Wang et al., 2012). From the analysis above it is evident that there exist difference in diet patterns of food among the vegetarians and meat eating group. There are several factors which informs the choice and adoption of an individual food type and preference. Significant factors such as health impacts, environmental and religion play a role; there are numerous comparative and contrasting views with regards to these two categories of diets. Thus, there is need for mutual understanding on the differing views based on food types so as to create harmony despite these varying opinions. References American Dietetic Association (2009). "Position Paper of the American Dietatic Association: Vegetarian Diets" (PDF). Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 109 (7): 12661282. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027. PMID19562864. Cross, A. J., Leitzmann, M. F., Gail, M. H., Hollenbeck, A. R., Schatzkin, A., Sinha, R. (2007). A prospective study of red and processed meat intake in relation to cancer risk. PLoS Med, 4(12), e325. Harnad, Stevan (2013) Luxe, ncessit, souffrance: Pourquoi je ne suis pas carnivore. Qubec humaniste 8(1): 10-13 Knight, A., Leitsberger, M. (2016). Vegetarian versus Meat-Based Diets for Companion Animals. Animals, 6(9), 57. Online access; Vegetarian and Healthy Diets Could Be More Harmful to the Management Environment. Accesed on 09/05/2017 .https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2015/.../diet-and-environment.html Wang, H., Oo Khor, T., Shu, L., Su, Z. Y., Fuentes, F., Lee, J. H., Tony Kong, A. N. (2012). Plants vs. cancer: a review on natural phyto chemicals in preventing and treating cancers and their drug ability. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents), 12(10), 1281-1305.

Tom Bray Case Review free essay sample

Review of Tom Bray Case At the end of the case Tom found out that his employees are busy working. He understood it as a negative sight but it may not be so. Toms’ employees are responsible for the installation of furniture and equipment; this is supposed to be mainly physical work that does not require much creativity or high level of communication among workers. Tom should assess the extent to which it is appropriate to interfere with the work of his employees. It is important for a project manager to wonder around often enough to create better connections with employees and get to know what is going on, but at the same time he should not disturb people from their work and make them feel uncomfortable, stressed and controlled too much. Tom’s new team is already used to certain type of behavior so even though Tom have decided to adopt new management style it would probably take some time for people to adjust and react to changes. We will write a custom essay sample on Tom Bray Case Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tom may continue to implement his new strategy and in time he should see the result. It should be remembered that one should not expect great changes in human behavior immediately, any change takes time. He should also try not to be too intrusive, since most people resist change and do not like to be distracted; Tom should implement his new management style gently and gradually. It is also important to remember that MBWA should be seen as a way of building stronger relationships with employees, getting better understanding of the environment and work processes. Its goal is not micro-managing people.

How Remote Employees Stay Focused And Get Organized With Nathan Hirsch

How Remote Employees Stay Focused And Get Organized With Nathan Hirsch How long is your commute to work? Maybe 15 minutes or more, depending on traffic, weather, and other factors? Some marketers get to just roll out of bed and go to their home office. According to Upwork, 63% of companies now have remote workers and almost 50% use freelancers. How does remote working affect productivity, collaboration, and organization of marketing teams and businesses? Today, my guest is Nathan Hirsch, FreeeUp.com founder and CEO. We talk about decisions and tactics to consider if your company wants to embrace a remote working environment. Short Version of Entrepreneurial Story: Broke college student to starting an Amazon business to owning a freelancer marketplace FreeeUp helps businesses grow by knowing when, who, and how to hire Managing and working within remote teams effectively Pros and Cons: Access to talent, overhead costs, flexibility Commitment to Communication: Nothing gets lost or misinterpreted Put plans and tools in place to avoid potential pitfalls FreeeUp’s Expectations for Freelancers: Skill, attitude, and communication Remote Culture: Separate office spaces, but on the same page Hiring always involves risk and reward; build trust and relationships Levels and Skill Sets: Basic (followers), Mid (doers), and High (experts) Links: FreeeUp Upwork Fiverr Skype Trello WhatsApp LastPass Write a review on iTunes and send a screenshot of it to receive cool swag! If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Nathan Hirsch: â€Å"I went back to remote, and I haven’t really turned back since. To me, that’s the direction we’re going, whether you like it or not.† â€Å"Now, if you are looking to hire, you get access to people all over the world. You just get so much flexibility as a business owner.† â€Å"It’s all about the communication. You have to have the best, strongest communication, if you want it to work.† â€Å"Building a remote culture is slightly harder. It requires that extra effort.†

International business and multinational enterprise Essay

International business and multinational enterprise - Essay Example It would also show why the Russia has become an attractive destination for the foreign firms. Four case studies would also be evaluated and analyzed for their success or failure in the foreign soil. Globalization has been one of the most portent forces that have compelled the global community to cross border restrictions for the wider welfare of the people. Social scientists assert that globalization has broadly brought together goods, services, capital, technology and people across national borders to evolve new global market with common goals (Hill, 2009; Sirgy et al., 2004; Black, 2002). Indeed, the nations have increasingly become interdependent for their socio-economic development. The globalization has reduced the geographical boundaries and has brought regional and local interests on the world map (Croucher, 2004; Tiplady, 2003; Held et al., 1999). Thus, the role and responsibilities of states have become more pronounced vis-Ã  -vis creating a conducive environment for foreign investment. Globalization has also greatly opened new avenues of exploiting competencies and resources for businesses across nations. Through foreign direct investment or FDI, cross border mergers, partnership, export and import of goods and services, the process of international business are expedited. But the policies and legal paradigms of the government become key elements that inculcate trust amongst the foreign firms. Indeed, the political, legal, economic and technological environment created by government initiatives through policies and plans are important criteria for international businesses. Zonis (2000) asserts that the political risks generate an environment of uncertainty primarily through the exercise of power by the government and non government agencies. Thus, non democratic states or states that are transitional economies are prone to exhibit controls which

Assignment Two Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assignment Two - Essay Example The quality of the images of the DVD player is outstanding possibly because the LCD screen has very good resolution. One of the main reasons I purchased the item was because I do not own a smartphone, thus I needed a device to watch movies when I am outside my home. I was very impressed by the fact that the Coby portable DVD had a two year warranty with the manufacturer. My impression of the product after the purchase is that the Coby portable DVD player is a quality product that served my need to be able to watch movies on the road. Due to my experience with this DVD player in the future I plan on purchasing more products from the Coby brand. The company has quality products at good prices. I have been using my portable DVD player on a weekly basis. I always travel with the portable DVD player in my car. I showed the Coby portable DVD player to several of my friends and they liked it. Last month I purchased an Xbox 360 for $299.99. The video game industry generated $15.6 billion in the United States in 2010 (Plunkettresearchonline, 2011). The reason that I purchased the Xbox 360 was because I did not have a gaming console at my home. I am not a gamer, but I wanted to have a good gaming console to play with friends when they visited. I got a good deal on the Xbox 360 because it included the Kinect system which allows people to play games hand free. When I read about the Xbox Kinect I wanted it in order acquire games that allow you to perform exercises at home using the system. I am very satisfied with my purchase because the Xbox 360 has improved my entertainment options at home. When I was making the buy decision I choose the Xbox 360 over the Playstation 3 or Wii consoles because the Xbox 360 seemed to have a greater variety of games. I also noticed in my trips to gaming stores that there seemed to be more used games available for the Xbox 360 than other console s. This was very important to me because I do not plan on purchasing any new

Mathemathics Game Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mathemathics Game Critique - Essay Example At the top of the screen, there is a timer indicating time remaining while the student is answering the questions. If the student gets the incorrect answer, the boy on the screen will tell the player to try again. A score is also given to the students at the end of the game. When the game is finished and when the student gets the correct answers, a big fish will appear on the screen saying ‘congratulations’. There are a few mathematical concepts addressed in this game. This game allows students to build their subtraction knowledge. It allows them to develop timing skills as there is a timer indicating how fast they are at answering the questions. The skill in recognising numbers is also required in order to answer the questions. Moreover, this game allows students to build their skills in visualising numbers and getting the correct answers. In the end, it can also provide a good mental practice for the students. However, this game can also have negative effects especiall y when some children may get bored after they keep getting the incorrect answers. Despite such negative effects, this technology, along with other computer games can enhance children’s mathematical learning. These mathematical games can also help improve their mental skills, as well as their reasoning, strategic thinking, and logic, and these are skills which are important in problem solving. (Hunting, 2012, p. 69). The following content outcomes are addressed: NS1.2 Addition and Subtraction- Uses a range of mental strategies and informal recording methods for addition and subtraction involving one- and two-digit numbers The following are the syllabus process outcomes: Questioning WMS1.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to Stage 1 content Applying Strategies WMS1.2 Uses objects, diagrams, imagery and technology to explore mathematical problems Reasoning WMS1.4 Supports conclusions by explaining or demonstrating how answers were obtained. Ref lecting WMS1.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to Stage 1 content There is a way to implement this game in the classroom. The implementation would involve seating the children in their chairs and then explaining to them what the game is. The explanation would have to include the use of an interactive whiteboard, a computer, or an overhead screen which would allow the teacher to go online and demonstrate the game. This game would require the children working independently. At the end of the lesson, the teacher would have to allow time for discussions in order to ensure that the students can share their difficulties and challenges in playing the game. Since this game involves subtraction strategies, any student who finds the game difficult should be allowed to speak up during discussion times. The teacher must also ensure that the students can reflect on the game and their experience while playing the game. There are many ways for differentiation within Stage 1. These include: Making the game into two players, as this would encourage a healthy sense of competition among the students, especially those seeking to excel in the game. Getting the students in the classroom to record the question and answer portions. This can be done by putting two students in each computer with one student playing the game, while the other would record the questi